The investigation found that the market volume of unauthorized and therefore unregulated online gambling stands at 22.97%. This results in a channeling rate of 77.03%, meaning that legal and regulated offerings account for more than three-quarters of the online gambling market.

“The scientifically calculated channeling rate confirms our previous assumptions about the scope of the black market,” said Ronald Benter, GGL Board Member. “The results support the approach of fact-based regulation under the 2021 Interstate Gambling Treaty.”

Study Also Confirms GGL’s Methodological Approach

The investigation further validates the methodological approach used by the GGL in analyzing the black market. The study’s findings largely align with the authority’s existing insights.

In particular, the reference-value-based analysis method previously applied by the states and adopted by the GGL was scientifically assessed as suitable for estimating the size of the illegal online gambling market.

Contribution to the Evaluation of the Interstate Gambling Treaty

The study has already been presented to the state gambling supervisory authorities. Its findings will feed into the ongoing evaluation process of the 2021 Interstate Gambling Treaty. “To what extent the results of this study may necessitate adjustments to legal requirements is something we are discussing with the states,” Benter added. “We also await the results of the ongoing study on player protection in online gambling.”

Consistent Fight Against Illegal Online Gambling

The GGL aims to further reduce the share of illegal online gambling offerings. The authority pursues a holistic approach, addressing the entire value chain of illegal online gambling — from game developers to providers and payment service providers, as well as marketing and platform structures.

“Our measures will also be reflected in market shares in the medium term,” explained Benter. “However, the fight against illegal online gambling is a marathon, not a sprint.”

Networking and coordinated approaches are crucial. A central part of the strategy is therefore cooperation with legal providers and other European regulatory authorities to limit the reach of illegal operators. The GGL renews its call to legal providers to make greater use of their options to curb illegal offerings.

In addition, the GGL informs about the risks of illegal gambling offerings, for example through the “Illegal Gambling Brochure” published in December 2025.

Presentation of Results at Gambling Symposium

The study results will be presented on March 17 at the 23rd Gambling Symposium of the Gambling Research Center at the University of Hohenheim. Study director Dr. Fred Steinmetz (Blockchain Research Lab gGmbH) will present the key findings and methodological approach.

Continuation of Research Planned

To monitor developments over time, the GGL plans to continue the survey in an appropriate form.

“A reliable data basis is crucial for effective regulation of the gambling market,” said Benter. “Therefore, we will continue to systematically incorporate scientific findings into our work.”

The study is available for download under